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, .. , , . , , , , . , , . , , . . 20-30 - , - . 1980 , . , (intelligent design). , . , . .

 

, , 19 . - , , 1859 , . , . , , . , . , , ( Difficulties on Theory), .

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, , , , . , . 1864 : , . (Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977, . 2)

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, 20- , . , 1930 , , . : , - . (Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New York, Dover Publications, 1953 (), .196)

, , . - 1953 . . , , . , (). , , , , , . ("New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 63, 1982, . 1328-1330)

, , , . (Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, . 7)

20- . , Earth 1998 :

, , - , , : ? (Jeffrey Bada, Earth, 1998, . 40)

 

, , , , -, . - , . - . , , , . , , , , 500 , 1 10950. , - 1 1050, .

, , . , , , 900 , 500 .

: . . , , . , , . . , (Scientific American) 1994 :

, , , , . . , , . (Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth, Scientific American, 271, 1994, . 78)

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, . , , : . , , - , , . , , , , -. , . .

. : , . (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: , Harvard University Press, 1964, . 189)

 

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1930 , , , , . , , , , , .

, , . , , , , , , . , : , , .

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, . - . , . , . . - , - . , . (B.G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust, 1988)

, - , . , . , , , - . . , , , , - ,

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, , . , - , :

. . - . (Colin Patterson, Cladistics, Brian Leek ile Roportaj, Peter Franz, 4 Mart 1982, BBC)

- , - , 35- Traite de Zoologie , :

. , , , . . , - , ". (Pierre Paul Grasse, Evolution on Living Organisms: Evidence for a New Theory of Information, Academic Press, Ocak 1978, . 122)

 

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450 .

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150-200 .

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100-150 .

, , . . , . :

, , . (Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: , Harvard University Press, 1964, . 179)

 

, 19 , . , , , , , . ( ) . , , :

: , , ; , , , . (Derek A. Ager, "The Nature of the Fossil Record", Proceedings of the British Geological Association, 87, 1976, . 133)

, , , . . , . , , , , . - :

, , , . , . (Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983. . 197)

, . , , , , .

- . . , , , 4-5 , . :

1. Australopithecus ()

2. Homo habilis ( )

3. Homo erectus ( )

4. Homo sapiens ( )

.. Australopithecus, . , .

Australopithecus, . , , . (Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, . 75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt", Nature, 258, . 389)

homo, .. . homo - . , Homo sapiens, .. .

. , , . , - 20- , , , , Homo sapiens, . (J.Rennie, "Darwin's Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr", Scientific American, 1992)

Australopithecus > Homo habilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens, , . , Australopithecus, Homo habilis Homo erectus , . (Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, s. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, s. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, . 272)

, , Homo erectus, , Homo sapiens neandarthalensis Homo sapiens sapiens ( ) . ( , 1996)

, , , . , , , :

, (A.africanus, australopithecines H.habilis), ? , . (Stephen. J. Gould, Natural History, . 85, 1976, . 30)

, . - , : , , , .. . (Villee, Solomon, and Davis, Biology, Saunders College Publishing,1985,s. 1053)

, , -. , , , :

, . , , - . , . (Niles Eldredge, Ian Tattersall, The Myths of Human Evolution, . 126-127)

, , . (Nature) (In Search of Deep Time) 1999 . , 5 10 , . , , :

, -, ... , , , , , . , . (Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, New York, The Free Press, 1999, . 116-117)

, (Nature) . , , , , , .

.. :

, , , , , , . . , . , . , , , , , , 30 (Henry Gee, In Search Of Deep Time, Beyond the Fossil Record to a New H?story of Life, The Free Press, A Division fo Simon & Schuster, Inc. , 1999, s. 5)

. , , 150 , , . , . , , , , , . , , : , - , , (Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth, Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong), 2000 ., :

. , . , ... , , , . (Jonathan Wells, Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth, Why Much of What We Teach About Evolution is Wrong, Washington, DC, Regnery Publishing, 2000, . 225)

 

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, .. , 80 . (Developmental Biology) 1996 . - , :

, , , , . , . 1995, , .. , . (Scott Gilbert, John Opitz, and Rudolf Raff, "Resynthesizing Evolutionary and Developmental Biology", Developmental Biology 173, Article No. 0032, 1996, . 361)

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, , , 98% , . , , , 98%, , , . , . .

, ? , , , 30-40, . 35 10 , . , 98% , 40 , .

, , 40 . 1987 . . (Journal of Molecular Evolution, 26, . 99-121) , - , , . (Sarich et al. 1989, Cladistics 5:3-32)

, . , .

, (New Scientist), ( ) 75%. (New Scientist, 15 1999, . 27) , 25%! , , 530 (Chordata), , (Nematoda) .

, , , - . , , . , - . . (New Scientist, 103, 16 1984, . 19)

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, , , , . - , , , . (Science) - :

- , . , . , , . , , - . (Christian Schwabe, "On the Validity of Molecular Evolution", Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 11, 1986)

. :

, . , , , ... , - ... , ,..... . (Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, London: Burnett Books, 1985, . 290-91)

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, , , . Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny( ), 19- .

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. 16 1999 . (New Scientist) :

. , . , , , , . (Ken McNamara, Embryos and Evolution, New Scientist, 16 Ekim 1999)

, , , , . . , , , , :

, , - - . - , , - - , . (Francis Hitching, The Neck of the Giraffe: Where Darwin Went Wrong, New York: Ticknor and Fields 1982, . 204)

5 1997 . (Science) , , . : :

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, . Richard C. Lewontin, , , , , :

, - , , . , , . (Richard Lewontin, "The Demon-Haunted World", The New York Review of Books, 9 , 1997, . 28.)

, , . . , . , , , , , , , , , , , ., . , , .

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8 / total 8
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